Measure Description
Percentage of adult hemodialysis (HD) patient-months using a catheter continuously for three months or longer for vascular access attributable to an individual practitioner or group practice.
Instructions
This measure is to be submitted a minimum of once per month for patients who used a catheter for three patient months or longer for vascular access as defined in CROWNWeb. This measure may be submitted by Merit-based Incentive Payment System (MIPS) eligible clinicians who perform the quality actions described in the measure based on the services provided and the measure-specific denominator coding.
Measure Submission Type:
Measure data may be submitted by individual MIPS eligible clinicians, groups, or third party intermediaries. The listed denominator criteria are used to identify the intended patient population. The numerator options included in this specification are used to submit the quality actions as allowed by the measure. The quality data codes listed do not need to be submitted by MIPS eligible clinicians, groups, or third party intermediaries that utilize this modality for submissions; however, these codes may be submitted for those third party intermediaries that utilize Medicare Part B claims data. For more information regarding Application Programming Interface (API), please refer to the Quality Payment Program (QPP) website.
Denominator
All patients at least 18 years old as of the first day of the reporting month who are determined to be maintenance hemodialysis patients (in-center and home HD) for the complete reporting month under the care of the same practitioner or group partner.
DENOMINATOR NOTE: Only clinicians who have been caring for adult hemodialysis patients for three months or longer should report this measure. Eligible patient months are attributed to one or more clinicians of a specialty that is eligible for MIPS. Only clinicians of a specialty that is eligible for MIPS or clinician groups where the triggering clinician is of a specialty that is eligible for MIPS are attributed episodes. This measure does not exclude patients who have exhausted their vascular access options. Patients with a catheter are defined in CROWNWeb with “Access Type IDs” (16,18,19,20,21,”·”) * .
Definition:
Patient-months -The number of “patient-months” over a time period is the sum of patients reported for the months covered by the time period. An individual patient may contribute up to 12 patient-months per year.
Denominator Criteria (Eligible Cases):
All patients aged >18 years as of the first day of the reporting month
AND
With maintenance hemodialysis (in-center and home HD) for the complete reporting month (G0049):
AND NOT
Denominator Eclusion:
Patients with a catheter that have limited life expectancy (G0050):
– Patients under hospice care in the current reporting month (G0051)
– Patients with metastic cancer in the past 12 months:
Codes to identify metastic cancer: C77.0, C77.1, C77.2, C77.4, C77.5, C77.8, C78.00, C78.01, C78.02, C78.1, C78.2, C78.30, C78.39, C78.4, C78.5, C78.6, C78.7, C78.80, C78.89, C79.00, C79.01, C79.02, C79.10, C79.11, C79.19, C79.31, C79.32, C79.40, C79.49, C79.51, C79.52, C79.60, C79.61, C79.62, C79.70, C79.71, C79.72, C79.89, C79.9, C7B.00, C7B.01, C7B.02, C7B.03, C7B.04, C7B.09, C7B.1, C7B.8, C80.0, C91.00, C91.01, C91.02, C92.00, C92.01, C92.02, C92.40, C92.41, C92.42, C92.50, C92.51, C92.52, C92.60, C92.61, C92.62, C92.A0, C92.A1, C92.A2, C93.00, C93.01, C93.02, C94.00, C94.01, C94.02, C95.00, C95.01, C95.02
– Patients with end stage liver disease in the past 12 months
Codes to identify end stage liver disease: I85.00, I85.01, I85.10, I85.11, K70.41, K71.11, K72.01, K72.10, K72.11, K72.90, K72.91, K74.02, K76.6, K76.7, K76.81
– Patients with coma or anoxic brain injury in the past 12 months
Codes to identify coma or anoxic brain injury: E03.5, G93.1, G93.5, G93.6, R40.20, R40.2110, R40.2111, R40.2112, R40.2113, R40.2114, R40.2120, R40.2121, R40.2122, R40.2123, R40.2124, R40.2210, R40.2211, R40.2212, R40.2213, R40.2214, R40.2220, R40.2221, R40.2222, R40.2223, R40.2224, R40.2310, R40.2311, R40.2312, R40.2313, R40.2314, R40.2320, R40.2321, R40.2322, R40.2323, R40.2324, R40.2340, R40.2341, R40.2342, R40.2343, R40.2344, R40.3, S06.1X0A, S06.1X1A, S06.1X2A, S06.1X3A, S06.1X4A, S06.1X5A, S06.1X6A, S06.1X7A, S06.1X8A, S06.1X9A
OR
Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis for any portion of the reporting month (G0052)
OR
Patient-months where there are more than one Medicare capitated payment (MCP) provider listed for the month (G1025)
Numerator
Numerator Instructions:
INVERSE MEASURE - A lower calculated performance rate for this measure indicates better clinical care or control. The “Performance Not Met” numerator option for this measure is the representation of the better clinical quality or control. Submitting that numerator option will produce a performance rate that trends closer to 0%, as quality increases. For inverse measures, a rate of 100% means all of the denominator eligible patients did not receive the appropriate care or were not in proper control.
NUMERATOR NOTE: Vascular access type for the measure is obtained from CROWNWeb only (representative of all ESRD dialysis patients). For a given month, if any of the following CROWNWeb “Access Type IDs” (16, 18, 19, 20, 21, “·”)† has been recorded, a catheter is considered in use. CROWNWeb is the data source for establishing the numerator. CROWNWeb access types recorded period is from 10/1/2021 to 12/31/2022.
Numerator Options:
Performance Met: The number of adult patient-months in the denominator who were on maintenance hemodialysis using a catheter continuously for three months or longer under the care of the same practitioner or group partner as of the last hemodialysis session of the reporting month (G1026)
OR
Performance Not Met: The number of adult patient-months in the denominator who were on maintenance hemodialysis under the care of the same practitioner or group partner as of the last hemodialysis session of the reporting month using a catheter continuously for less than three months (G1027)
Rationale
Several observational studies have demonstrated an association between type of vascular access used for hemodialysis and patient mortality1-4. Long term catheter use is associated with the highest mortality risk while arteriovenous fistula use has the lowest mortality risk. Arteriovenous grafts (AVG) have been found to have a risk of death that is higher than AVF but lower than catheters
The measure focus is the process of assessing long term catheter use at chronic dialysis facilities.
This process leads to improvement in mortality as follows: Measure long term catheter rate → Assess value → Identify patients who do not have an AV Fistula or AV graft → Evaluation for an AV fistula or graft by a qualified dialysis vascular access provider → Increase Fistula/Graft Rate → Lower catheter rate → Lower patient mortality.
- Kasza, J., Wolfe, R., McDonald, S., Marshall, M. R., & Polkinghorne, K. R. (2016). Dialysis modality, vascular access and mortality in end-stage kidney disease: A bi-national registry-based cohort study. Nephrology, 21(10), 878-886. https://doi.org/10.1111/nep.12688
- Malas MB, Canner JK, Hicks CW, et al. Trends in incident hemodialysis access and mortality. JAMA Surgery. 2015;150(5):441-448.
- Park HS, Kim WJ, Kim YK, et al. Comparison of outcomes with arteriovenous fistula and arteriovenous graft for vascular access in hemodialysis: a prospective cohort study. Am J Neph. 2016;43(2):120-128.
- Rosenberry PM, Niederhaus SV, Schweitzer EJ, Leeser DB. Decreasing dialysis catheter rates by creating a multidisciplinary dialysis access program. J Vasc Access. 2018 Nov;19(6):569-572. doi: 10.1177/1129729818762977. Epub 2018 Mar 26.
Clinical Recommendation Statements
When this measure was originally developed and specified, the evidence to support the measure was based largely on the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Vascular Access published in 2006. The NKF recently made substantial revisions to these guidelines that were released on 3/12/20. Please see:
Lok CE, Huber TS, Lee T, et al; KDOQI Vascular Access Guideline Work Group. KDOQI clinical practice guideline for vascular access: 2019 update. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020;75(4)(suppl 2):S1-S164. https://www.ajkd.org/article/S0272-6386(19)31137-0/fulltext.
The revised guidelines emphasize a patient-focused approach that recommends the development of an End Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD) Life-Plan, and urges providers to not only consider the current vascular access, but subsequent access needs as well in the context of a comprehensive evaluation of the patient’s lifetime with ESKD.
In general, the evidence for the above guidelines has been rated as either low or moderate, with many of the guidelines relying on expert opinion. The evidence review team focused on 16 studies and noted that bloodstream infections were significantly lower among patients who started HD with an AV fistula or AV graft versus a catheter. While three studies from 2015-2016 consistently demonstrated lower mortality with AV fistula or an AV graft compared to a catheter, the studies were considered to be of low quality with moderate risk of bias. Thus, the workgroup refrained from recommending AV fistula on the basis of lower mortality compared to catheter use, instead relying on the evidence indicating lower blood stream infections.
The new guidelines point out the potential for bias in prior studies comparing vascular access types, vascular access complications, and patient outcomes. Specifically, the workgroup notes that the differences in AV fistula and AV graft patency are uncertain, and that AV fistula complication rates in the literature may not be generalizable to all AV fistula.
Of the studies that the evidence review team for the guidelines considered when evaluating outcomes such as patient survival and access patency, only five were from 2015 or later. These are all observational studies, although some are from national registries such as USRDS or ANZDATA that accurately represent the population considered for the measure. These studies are consistent with prior work that indicates that AV fistula are associated with better patient survival when compared with dialysis catheters1-2, 4-5, and that this is true even in older patients5. However, AV fistula are more likely to require additional surgeries to achieve a functional access1 when compared to AV grafts. This is offset by AV grafts requiring more procedures to maintain patency during the first year after creation3.
- Woo K, Goldman DP, Romley JA. Early Failure of Dialysis Access among the Elderly in the Era of Fistula First. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10(10):1791–1798. doi:10.2215/CJN.09040914 https://doi.org/10.1111/nep.12688
- Kasza, J., Wolfe, R., McDonald, S., Marshall, M. R., & Polkinghorne, K. R. (2016). Dialysis modality, vascular access and mortality in end-stage kidney disease: A bi-national registry-based cohort study. Nephrology, 21(10), 878-886.
- Leake AE, Yuo TH, Wu T, et al. Arteriovenous grafts are associated with earlier catheter removal and fewer catheter days in the United States Renal Data System population. J Vasc Surg. 2015;62(1):123-127.
- Malas MB, Canner JK, Hicks CW, et al. Trends in incident hemodialysis access and mortality. JAMA Surgery. 2015;150(5):441-448.
- Park HS, Kim WJ, Kim YK, et al. Comparison of outcomes with arteriovenous fistula and arteriovenous graft for vascular access in hemodialysis: a prospective cohort study. Am J Neph. 2016;43(2):120-128.