Measure Description
Percentage of visits for patients aged 18 years and older with a diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea who were prescribed positive airway pressure therapy who had documentation that adherence to positive airway pressure therapy was objectively measured
Instructions
This measure is to be submitted a minimum of once per performance period for patients with sleep apnea seen during the performance period. This measure may be submitted by Merit-based Incentive Payment System (MIPS) eligible clinicians who perform the quality actions described in the measure based on the services provided and the measure-specific denominator coding.
NOTE: Patient encounters for this measure conducted via telehealth (e.g., encounters coded with GQ, GT, 95, or POS 02 modifiers) are allowable.
Measure Submission:
Measure data may be submitted by individual MIPS eligible clinicians, groups, or third party intermediaries. The listed denominator criteria are used to identify the intended patient population. The numerator options included in this specification are used to submit the quality actions as allowed by the measure. The quality-data codes listed do not need to be submitted by MIPS eligible clinicians, groups, or third party intermediaries that utilize this modality for submissions; however, these codes may be submitted for those third party intermediaries that utilize Medicare Part B claims data. For more information regarding Application Programming Interface (API), please refer to the Quality Payment Program (QPP) website.
Denominator
All patients aged 18 years and older with a diagnosis of sleep apnea
Denominator Criteria (Eligible Cases):
Patients aged ≥ 18 years on date of encounter
AND
Diagnosis for sleep apnea (ICD-10-CM): G47.30, G47.33
AND
Patient encounter during the performance period (CPT): 99202, 99203, 99204, 99205, 99211, 99212, 99213, 99214, 99215, 99304, 99305, 99306, 99307, 99308, 99309, 99310, 99324, 99325, 99326, 99327, 99328, 99334, 99335, 99336, 99337, 99341, 99342, 99343, 99344, 99345, 99347, 99348, 99349, 99350
AND
Positive airway pressure therapy was prescribed: G8852
Numerator
Patient visits with documentation that adherence to positive airway pressure therapy was objectively measured
Definition:
Objectively Measured - is defined as positive airway pressure machine-generated measurement of hours of use.
Numerator Options:
Objective measurement of adherence to positive airway pressure therapy, documented (G8851)
OR
Documentation of reason(s) for not objectively measuring adherence to positive airway pressure therapy (e.g., patient didn’t bring data from continuous positive airway pressure [CPAP], therapy not yet initiated, not available on machine) (G8854)
OR
Objective measurement of adherence to positive airway pressure therapy not performed, reason not given (G8855)
Rationale
This recommendation is based on overwhelming evidence at all levels indicating patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) overestimate their positive airway pressure use time. Level I and Level II studies indicate that objectively-measured nightly continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) "time on" ranges from 3.5 hours/night in minimally symptomatic new patients to 7.1 hours/night in established users (Kushida et al, 2006). The success of any positive airway pressure device therapy depends primarily on patient adherence, which can be enhanced by education, proper mask/interface fit, frequent follow-up by the clinician and durable medical equipment provider, and finally, A.W.A.K.E. (Alert Well And Keeping Energetic) meetings (ICSI, 2007). When objective adherence is assessed and an intervention is employed –ether in the clinic or via the telephone, use is increased. Meter reads (on the machines) or card reads provide a longitudinal assessment of use and prevent the potential for overuse of stimulant therapy and daytime testing of sleepiness with multiple sleep latency tests.
Numerous studies have shown that patient adherence to CPAP is low or over-estimated by patients. A 2006 study assessed OSA severity, continuous positive airway pressure adherence, and factors associated with CPAP adherence among a group of patients with OSA receiving care at a publicly-funded county hospital. The findings indicated that CPAP adherence was low, with women having a higher likelihood of non-adherence than men. When individuals without follow-up were assumed to be non-adherent, the overall compliance rate was 30.4%, and women were 1.72 (95% CI, 1.03-2.88) times more likely to be noncompliant than men, adjusting for race, marital status, and age (Joo et al, 2007). Another study by Kribbs et al (Level I) found that subjective and covertly monitored objective CPAP adherence were discordant and that OSA patients in the aggregate overestimate subjective CPAP adherence compared with objective adherence measurements obtained by microprocessor. Adherence was arbitrarily defined as ≥ 4 hours of CPAP usage for ≥ 70% of the nights monitored. Although 60% of patients subjectively reported nightly use of CPAP for a mean of 106.9 days, only 16 of 35 (46%) were objectively using CPAP at least 4 hours per night on 70% of the nights. Patients over-estimated actual CPAP use by 69 ± 110 min. (Gay et al, 2005)
OSA is a chronic disease that rarely resolves except with substantial weight loss or successful corrective surgery. As with other chronic diseases, periodic follow-up by a qualified clinician (eg, physician or advanced practice provider) is necessary to confirm adequate treatment, assess symptom resolution, and promote continued adherence to treatment. Initial treatment of OSA requires close monitoring and early identification of difficulties with PAP use, as adherence over the first few days to weeks has been shown to predict long-term adherence. Objective monitoring of PAP therapy should be performed to complement patient reporting of difficulties with PAP use, as patients often overestimate their use of PAP treatment. (Patil, et al, 2019)
Clinical Recommendation Statements
CPAP usage should be objectively monitored to help assure utilization (Level 1). Close follow-up for PAP usage and problems in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) by appropriately trained health care providers is indicated to establish effective utilization patterns and remediate problems, if needed. This recommendation is based on 61 studies that examined management paradigms and collected acceptance, utilization, and adverse events; 17 of these studies qualified as Level I. This is especially important during the first few weeks of PAP use and can prove to be beneficial for the longitudinal care of the patient. (Kushida et al, 2006)
Adequate follow-up, including troubleshooting and monitoring of objective efficacy and usage data to ensure adequate treatment and adherence, should occur following PAP therapy initiation and during treatment of OSA. (Patil et al, 2019)