Measure description
Percentage of patients 13 years of age and older with a new episode of alcohol or other drug abuse or (AOD) dependence who received the following. Two rates are reported.
a. Percentage of patients who initiated treatment including either an intervention or medication for the treatment of AOD abuse or dependence within 14 days of the diagnosis
b. Percentage of patients who engaged in ongoing treatment including two additional interventions or a medication for the treatment of AOD abuse or dependence within 34 days of the initiation visit. For patients who initiated treatment with a medication, at least one of the two engagement events must be a treatment intervention..
Rationale
There are more deaths, illnesses and disabilities from substance abuse than from any other preventable health condition. In 2018, 20.3 million individuals in the U.S. age 12 or older (approximately 8 percent of the population) were classified as having an SUD within the past year (SAMHSA, 2019). Despite the high prevalence of SUD in the U.S., fewer than 20 percent of individuals with SUD receive any substance use treatment and only 12 percent receive treatment in a specialty SUD program (SAMHSA, 2019).
Clinical Recommendation Statements
American Society of Addiction Medicine (2020)
* All FDA approved medications for the treatment of opioid use disorder should be available to all patients. Clinicians should consider the patient’s preferences, past treatment history, current state of illness, and treatment setting when deciding between the use of methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone.
* There is no recommended time limit for pharmacological treatment
* Outpatient treatment of substance use disorders is appropriate for patients whose clinical condition or environmental circumstances do not require a more intensive level of care [I rating]. As in other treatment settings, a comprehensive approach is optimal, using, where indicated, a variety of psychotherapeutic and pharmacological interventions along with behavioral monitoring [I rating ].
* Patients’ psychosocial needs should be assessed, and patients should be offered or referred to psychosocial treatment based on their individual needs. However, a patient’s decision to decline psychosocial treatment or the absence of available psychosocial treatment should not preclude or delay pharmacotherapy, with appropriate medication management. Motivational interviewing or enhancement can be used to encourage patients to engage in psychosocial treatment services appropriate for addressing individual needs.
American Psychiatric Association (2018)
* Patients with alcohol use disorder should have a documented comprehensive and person-centered treatment plan that includes evidence-based nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatments. [1C]
* Naltrexone or acamprosate be offered to patients with moderate to severe alcohol use disorder who have a goal of reducing alcohol consumption or achieving abstinence, prefer pharmacotherapy or have not responded to nonpharmacological treatments alone, and have no contraindications to the use of these medications. [1B]
* Disulfiram should be offered to patients with moderate to severe alcohol use disorder who have a goal of achieving abstinence, prefer disulfiram or are intolerant to or have not responded to naltrexone and acamprosate, are capable of understanding the risks of alcohol consumption while taking disulfiram, and have no contraindications to the use of this medication. [2C]
* Topiramate or gabapentin be offered to patients with moderate to severe alcohol use disorder who have a goal of reducing alcohol consumption or achieving abstinence, prefer topiramate or gabapentin or are intolerant to or have not responded to naltrexone and acamprosate, and have no contraindications to the use of these medications. [2C]
American Psychiatric Association (2006)
* Because many substance use disorders are chronic, patients usually require long-term treatment, although the intensity and specific components of treatment may vary over time [I rating].
* It is important to intensify the monitoring for substance use during periods when the patient is at a high risk of relapsing, including during the early stages of treatment, times of transition to less intensive levels of care, and the first year after active treatment has ceased [I rating].
* Outpatient treatment of substance use disorders is appropriate for patients whose clinical condition or environmental circumstances do not require a more intensive level of care [I rating]. As in other treatment settings, a comprehensive approach is optimal, using, where indicated, a variety of psychotherapeutic and pharmacological interventions along with behavioral monitoring [I rating ].
* Disulfiram is also recommended for patients with alcohol dependence [II rating].
* Naltrexone, injectable naltrexone, acamprosate, a y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are recommended for patients with alcohol dependence [I rating]. Disulfiram is also recommended for patients with alcohol dependence [II rating].
* Methadone and buprenorphine are recommended for patients with opioid dependence [I rating].
* Naltrexone is an alternative strategy [I rating].
American Society of Addiction Medicine (2015)
* Methadone and buprenorphine are recommended for opioid use disorder treatment and withdrawal management.
* Naltrexone (oral; extended-release injectable) is recommended for relapse prevention.
Michigan Quality Improvement Consortium (2017)
*Patients with substance use disorder or risky substance use: Patient Education and Brief Intervention by PCP or Trained Staff (e.g. RN, MSW)
*If diagnosed with substance use disorder or risky substance use, initiate an intervention within 14 days.
*Frequent follow-up is helpful to support behavior change; preferably 2 visits within 30 days.
*Refer to a substance abuse health specialist, an addiction physician specialist, or a physician experienced in pharmacologic management of addiction.
Department of Veterans Affairs/Department of Defense (2015)
* Offer referral to specialty SUD care for addiction treatment if based on willingness to engage. [B]
* For patients with moderate-severe alcohol use disorder, we recommend: Acamprosate, Disulfiram, Naltrexone- oral or extended release, or Topiramate. [A].
* Medications should be offered in combined with addiction-focused counseling. offering one or more of the following interventions considering patient preference and provider training/competence: Behavioral Couples Therapy for alcohol use disorder, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for substance use disorders, Community Reinforcement Approach, Motivational Enhancement Therapy, 12-Step Facilitation. [A]
* For patients with opioid use disorder we recommend buprenorphine/naloxone or methadone in an Opioid Treatment Program. For patients for whom agonist treatment is contraindicated, unacceptable, unavailable, or discontinued, we recommend extended-release injectable naltrexone. [A]
* For patients initiated in an intensive phase of outpatient or residential treatment, recommend ongoing systematic relapse prevention efforts or recovery support, individualized on the basis of treatment response. [A]